Deep Learning-Enabled Supercritical Flame Simulation at Detailed Chemistry and Real-Fluid Accuracy Towards Trillion-Cell Scale

For decades, supercritical flame simulations incorporating detailed chemistry and real-fluid transport have been limited to millions of cells, constraining the resolved spatial and temporal scales of the physical system. We optimize the supercritical flame simulation software DeepFlame—which incorporates deep neural networks while retaining the real-fluid mechanical and chemical accuracy—from three perspectives: parallel computing, computational efficiency, and I/O performance. Our highly optimized DeepFlame achieves supercritical liquid oxygen/methane (LOX/\(\ce {CH4}\)) turbulent combustion simulation of up to 618 and 154 billion cells with unprecedented time-to-solution, attaining 439/1186 and 187/316 PFlop/s (32.3%/21.8% and 37.4%/31.8% of the peak) in FP32/mixed-FP16 precision on Sunway (98,304 nodes) and Fugaku (73,728 nodes) supercomputers, respectively. This computational capability surpasses existing capacities by three orders of magnitude, enabling the first practical simulation of rocket engine combustion with >100 LOX/\(\ce {CH4}\) injectors. This breakthrough establishes high-fidelity supercritical flame modeling as a critical design tool for next-generation rocket propulsion and ultra-high energy density systems.