Integrated Probiotic Benefits of Bacillus velezensis AAHM-BV2302 Drive Growth, Antioxidant Enhancement, and Immune Protection Against Streptococcus agalactiae in Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.)

Intensive aquaculture practices heighten oxidative stress and infectious disease risk, necessitating sustainable alternatives to antibiotics. This study evaluated the integrative probiotic and postbiotic potential of <i>Bacillus velezensis</i> AAHM-BV2302 in red tilapia (<i>Oreochromis</i> spp.), focusing on growth, antioxidant defense, immune modulation, and resistance to <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i>. Whole-genome sequencing confirmed its classification as <i>B. velezensis</i> (4.16 Mb, GC 45.9%, ANI 99.4% with NRRL B-41580). Fish were fed diets supplemented with probiotic cells (Cell), cell-free supernatant (Cfs), or their combination (Cell + Cfs) for 30 days, followed by 30 days without probiotic supplementation. Growth performance significantly improved in Cell and Cell + Cfs groups at both Day 30 and Day 60 (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GSH) increased significantly across tissues at Day 30, while malondialdehyde (MDA) declined (<i>p</i> < 0.05), indicating enhanced redox homeostasis. Humoral immunity was elevated, with higher lysozyme, bactericidal activity, and total IgM persisting post-supplementation (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Expression of <i>il1b</i>, <i>il6</i>, and <i>il8</i> was upregulated in immune-related and mucosal tissues, reflecting robust immune activation (<i>p</i> < 0.05). After <i>S. agalactiae</i> challenge, survival rates were 55% in Cfs, 60% in Cell, and 70% in Cell + Cfs, corresponding to relative percent survivals (RPS) of 43.8%, 50.0%, and 62.5%, respectively (<i>p</i> < 0.05). These results demonstrate that <i>B. velezensis</i> AAHM-BV2302 enhances growth, antioxidant capacity, and immune resilience through complementary probiotic-postbiotic mechanisms, supporting its application as a safe, multifunctional biotic for antibiotic-free tilapia aquaculture.