Detection, Taxonomic Characterization, and Modeling of Extreme Operational Gusts in La Ventosa, Oaxaca, Mexico

Extreme Operational Gusts (EOGs) are critical for assessing the effects of extreme winds on Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECSs). In regions like La Ventosa, Oaxaca, Mexico—characterized by strong and frequent gusts—the performance and reliability of low-power WECSs can be severely impacted. Traditionally, EOG effects have been analyzed using mathematical models from the IEC 61400-2 standard, which assumes a symmetric gust taxonomy. However, field data have revealed inconsistencies with this model, leading to the development of new asymmetrical taxonomies, such as Manwell’s. This study presents a taxonomic characterization of EOGs in La Ventosa using 1 Hz wind speed data collected over one year (December 2017–November 2018), during which 1655 events were detected. A dedicated detection method was implemented to capture gusts with amplitudes and durations exceeding the IEC range, allowing systematic classification of previously unrecognized patterns. Based on these results, a new taxonomy and a mathematical model were developed to simulate any identified gust. These tools provide more realistic simulations for improving WECS protection under extreme conditions. The analysis shows that Manwell’s taxonomy represents 50.39% of events, the proposed classification 37.04%, and IEC 61400-2 only 12.57%, underscoring its limited applicability to high-wind sites like La Ventosa.