Electrochemical sensors for detection of thyroid hormones (TSH, FT-3, and FT-4): A promising approach for point-of-care monitoring and diagnosis

The accurate and timely detection of thyroid hormones, including thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT-3), and free thyroxine (FT-4), is crucial for the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disorders such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Traditional laboratory methods for hormone measurement, although reliable, are often time-consuming, expensive, and require specialized equipment. In contrast, electrochemical sensors offer a promising alternative, providing rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective detection of these hormones in a variety of clinical and home-settings. This review explores recent advances in electrochemical sensing technologies for TSH, FT-3, and FT-4, including the principles of operation, detection mechanisms, and the materials used in sensor design. We discuss the integration of bioreceptors, such as antibodies and aptamers, for specific hormone recognition, as well as various transduction methods, including amperometry, voltammetry, and impedance-based sensing. Furthermore, the review highlights the challenges and limitations of electrochemical sensors, such as interference from complex biological matrices, sensitivity issues, and the need for standardization. We also examine future trends, including the development of multiplexed sensors, nanomaterial enhancements, and the potential for wearable devices. Overall, electrochemical sensors for thyroid hormone detection represent a transformative approach to monitoring thyroid health, offering significant advantages in terms of speed, portability, and accessibility for point-of-care and real-time diagnostics.