Farmers’ perception and adoption of intensification-related practices in rice production of coastal Bangladesh

Abstract Rice-based production systems in coastal Bangladesh face increasing challenges, which influence farmers' decision-making and adoption of intensification practices. Farmers’ aspirations (desire for change) and adaptive capacity (ability to change) shape the adoption of agronomic practices and rice system performance (manifestation of change). Using diachronic household survey data from 2011 and 2021, we analyzed land system transitions, assessing changes in farmers’ perceptions, adoption of agronomic practices, and rice performance (yields and variability) in two districts with contrasting conditions: favorable (Barishal) and marginal (Patuakhali). We developed a conceptual framework highlighting three key performance dimensions: yield increase, hardship reduction, and risk alleviation, to understand the interplay between aspirations, technology adoption, and land use outcomes. This framework offers a systematic lens to understanding the factors shaping land system transitions. Aspirations for higher yields, reduced labor, and risk mitigation drove the adoption of innovations. Farmers invested in modern rice genotypes, mineral N fertilizers, and irrigation to increase yields, while mechanization and herbicides reduced labor hardships. Diversification, improved fertilizer strategies, and pesticide use helped mitigate risks of crop failure. Rice yields increased with lower production risks in dry vs. wet seasons and at favorable vs. marginal sites. The relationships between constraints, adoption rates, and technology choices are highly site-specific, aligning with the “middle-range theory of land systems change”. These findings underscore the need for context-specific strategies for sustainable agricultural intensification that enhance resilience, reduce risks, and contribute to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 2 (Zero Hunger).