From traditional packaging to packaging 5.0: redefining the role of packaging in Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0

The paper aims to examine whether current understandings of packaging correspond to the challenges posed by Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0, and to propose a broader systemic perspective. A narrative literature review was conducted, including selecting academic, regulatory, and industry sources, followed by qualitative and comparative analysis. The study reveals that traditional, object-oriented definitions of packaging are insufficient. Packaging increasingly functions as a technological and socio-environmental system integrating digitalisation, circularity, and stakeholder needs. Key gaps in terminology and standardisation were identified. The study is conceptual and based on secondary sources; further empirical validation is needed. The findings indicate potential directions for redefining packaging strategies in the context of innovative, sustainable, and human-centric industries. Packaging contributes to environmental responsibility and consumer trust. The paper redefines packaging as a multi-dimensional system essential for Industry 4.0 and 5.0 transitions.