Gastroesophageal reflux disease: comprehensive review from medical to surgical management

gastroesophageal reflux disease is a heterogeneous, multifaceted disease requiring a tailored approach. Initial management prioritizes lifestyle measures and empiric acid suppression. Diagnostic evaluation refines treatment in non-responders or complicated cases. Effective long-term control may require surgery or endoscopic intervention, particularly for patients with refractory symptoms, hiatal hernia, or concerns over chronic proton pump inhibitor use. Further research is needed to establish long-term efficacy and optimal patient selection for advanced therapies.