Analysis of tumor protein p53 expression levels in different stages of breast cancer

Breast cancer (BC) is a major contributor to cancer-related mortality, emphasizing the need to identify molecular biomarkers for effective disease management, accurate prognosis prediction, and preventive interventions. The objective of this research was to examine the association between tumor protein p53 (Tp53) expression and the stage of the disease. The study involved the participation of 70 individuals diagnosed with BC. RNA samples were extracted, and the expression levels of Tp53were evaluated using real-time RT-PCR. The collected data were subsequently analyzed utilizing SPSS software. The findings revealed an up-regulation of p53 expression in the subjects with BC. The study found that the expression of the Tp53 gene varies across different stages of BC. Stage 4 showed the highest expression, while stage 1 had no detectable expression. Grades 2 and 3 had higher expression levels, suggesting a correlation between tumor aggressiveness and increased Tp53 gene expression (P < 0.001). Patients aged 40 or above had higher expression levels compared to those below 40 (P < 0.001). Individuals who had a familial history of BC displayed notably elevated levels of Tp53 gene expression (P < 0.001). These findings demonstrate the dynamic nature of Tp53 gene expression in relation to disease stage, patient age, familial history, disease duration, grade, and childbirth number. This indicates the potential of the Tp53 gene as a biomarker for early-stage BC, as its minimal expression or absence may indicate early-stage disease.