Chemical characterization and enzyme inhibitory activity of the essential oil of <i>etlingera triorgyalis</i> (baker) R.M.Sm

This is the first report about the chemical profile and biological properties of the essential oil of <i>Etlingera triorgyalis</i> (Baker) R.M.Sm from their rhizome extracted by hydrodistillation and analysed by GC and GS-MS. A total of 28 constituents, representing 94.1% of the total composition, were identified. The main compounds were neral (48.5%), geranial (10.5%), α-cadinol (7.7%), methyl eugenol (6.5%), and (<i>Z</i>)-isocitral (4.6%). The biological potential of the oil was examined through enzyme-based assays, including acetylcholinesterase inhibition (Ellman method), tyrosinase inhibition (mushroom tyrosinase), and lipoxygenase inhibition. The essential oil showed notable enzyme inhibition, with IC₅₀ values of 133.2 µg/mL (acetylcholinesterase), 118.5 µg/mL (tyrosinase), and 128.4 µg/mL (lipoxygenase). These findings suggest that the essential oil of <i>E. triorgyalis</i> holds promise as a multifunctional natural product with potential applications in managing neurodegenerative disorders, pigmentation issues, and inflammatory conditions.