1Q: First-Generation Wireless Systems Integrating Classical and Quantum Communication

We introduce the concept of 1Q, the first wireless generation of integrated classical and quantum communication. 1Q features quantum base stations (QBSs) that support entanglement distribution via free-space optical links alongside traditional radio communications. Key new components include quantum cells, quantum user equipment (QUEs), and hybrid resource allocation spanning classical time-frequency and quantum entanglement domains. Several application scenarios are discussed and illustrated through system design requirements for quantum key distribution, blind quantum computing, and distributed quantum sensing. A range of unique quantum constraints are identified, including decoherence timing, fidelity requirements, and the interplay between quantum and classical error probabilities. Protocol adaptations extend cellular connection management to incorporate entanglement generation, distribution, and handover procedures, expanding the Quantum Internet to the cellular wireless.

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Institutions

Publication Details

Journal
IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine
Published
2025-11-13
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1109/mvt.2025.3622826
Citations
1
Primary Topic
Quantum Information and Cryptography
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
2.48

Funders

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1Q: First-Generation Wireless Systems Integrating Classical and Quantum Communication

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article en
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Abstract

We introduce the concept of 1Q, the first wireless generation of integrated classical and quantum communication. 1Q features quantum base stations (QBSs) that support entanglement distribution via free-space optical links alongside traditional radio communications. Key new components include quantum cells, quantum user equipment (QUEs), and hybrid resource allocation spanning classical time-frequency and quantum entanglement domains. Several application scenarios are discussed and illustrated through system design requirements for quantum key distribution, blind quantum computing, and distributed quantum sensing. A range of unique quantum constraints are identified, including decoherence timing, fidelity requirements, and the interplay between quantum and classical error probabilities. Protocol adaptations extend cellular connection management to incorporate entanglement generation, distribution, and handover procedures, expanding the Quantum Internet to the cellular wireless.

IEEE Vehicular Technology MagazineVol. 20(4)
University of Southampton (GB), University of Naples Federico II (IT), Universidad de Málaga (ES), Aalborg University (DK)
European Commission, National Research Foundation, Danmarks Grundforskningsfond, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
Openalex Percentile: Top 8%
Quantum Information and Cryptography
2.48
DOIOpen Access PDFOpenAlex
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