High conversion and survival benefits of transarterial chemoembolization plus targeted immunotherapy in initially unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: efficacy, safety, and optimal patient selection

TACE with targeted immunotherapy yields high response and surgical conversion rates with acceptable toxicity in uHCC. Patients with CNLC stage Ib-IIa, fewer than 3 tumors, no major vascular inva‑ sion, and low PDFF derive the greatest benefit, supporting this approach as an effective conversion strategy.