Distinct drivers of stadium attendance and online streaming: evidence from the Chinese women's super league

These findings demonstrate that live attendance is influenced primarily by structural and contextual factors, whereas digital audiences respond more directly to match competitiveness and content availability. The study highlights the complementary nature of in-person and digital engagement in women's football and underscores the growing role of data-driven approaches in advancing audience research. By integrating audience behavior analysis with innovations in digital technology, wearable monitoring, and artificial intelligence, this research contributes to the development of interdisciplinary frameworks that can enhance fan engagement, expand the visibility of women's football, and support broader applications of sports science in the digital era.