Retinal Vessel Segmentation by Using Generative Adversarial Network and Convolutional Neural Network

Accurate retinal vessel segmentation plays a vital role in the early detection and diagnosis of ophthalmologic dis- eases such as diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and hypertension. Traditional image processing and machine learning techniques often struggle to capture the fine vessel structures and complex variations present in retinal fundus images. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes a hybrid deep learning framework that combines Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Gen- erative Adversarial Networks (GANs) for precise retinal vessel segmentation. In the proposed method, the CNN component serves as the feature extractor, learning multi-scale spatial and contextual features from retinal images, while the GAN framework enhances segmentation accuracy by employing a discriminator network that distinguishes between real and generated vessel maps. This adversarial learning setup encourages the generator to produce vessel segmentations that closely resemble ground truth images. Additionally, preprocessing techniques such as contrast enhancement and noise reduction are applied to improve the visibility of retinal structures, and post-processing steps refine the vessel boundaries for higher accuracy. Experimental results on publicly available retinal image datasets, such as DRIVE and STARE, demonstrate that the pro- posed GAN-CNN model outperforms conventional CNN-based segmentation methods in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and Dice coefficient. The system achieves robust performance even under varying illumination and noise conditions. These findings indicate that integrating adversarial learning with convolutional feature extraction can significantly enhance retinal vessel segmentation, paving the way for more efficient and automated retinal disease screening systems