A comprehensive review of efficiency of viscoelastic surfactant-based fracturing fluids: Advances, challenges, and synergistic approaches

To enhance the productivity of oil and gas reservoirs, hydraulic fracturing fluid is pumped at high pressure into the wellbore using surface pumps, creating fractures in the reservoir. Selecting an appropriate fluid for hydraulic fracturing operations is crucial for achieving desirable outcomes. However, conventional polymer-based fracturing fluids frequently result in formation damage, inefficient flowback, and thermal instability. This study offers an in-depth assessment of viscoelastic surfactant (VES)-based fracturing fluids as an alternative. Recent developments in mixed VES-polymer and foam-based formulations, the types and mechanisms of VES systems, and the impact of nanoparticles on their rheological performance are all covered in the study. Studies conducted in the lab and in the field show that VES fluids provide higher thermal stability, increased flowback efficiency, and less formation damage. Along with identifying current issues and knowledge gaps, a review additionally examines economic and environmental factors. This study demonstrates that VES-based techniques can enhance the sustainability and efficiency of hydraulic fracturing operations.