Hybrid Cluster Based Protocols for Reliable Data Communication in Wireless Sensor Networks

The most vital problem in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is energy efficiency and dependable data transmission especially when these systems are deployed in large scale and their deployment is heterogeneous. This paper will present a proposal of a Cluster-Based Hybrid Protocol (CBHP): It entails a combination of adaptive clustering and energy conscious cluster head rotation to prolong network lifetime whilst ensuring high reliability in communication. The protocol takes the benefits of both static and dynamic clustering and therefore balances power consumption among nodes and minimizes the premature node failures. The extended simulations are done between CBHP and known protocols as LEACH, TEEN, and DEEC under the same network conditions. The analysis involves various performance indicators including First Node Death (FND), Last Node Death (LND), average power consumption per round, packet delivery ratio (PDR), throughput and the end to end delay. On the basis of simulation, it is shown that CBHP has a 29.63% portfolio of network lifetime when compared to LEACH whilst at the same time has the highest PDR of 97.6% and throughput of 1.35 kbps. The protocol proposed also has the lowest average end to end delay (120 ms), which proves its applicability in time-sensitive protocols. Further quantitation analysis shows network stability, residual energy and control overhead improvements, showing the ability of the protocol to support more active nodes during long operational durations. These results prove that CBHP offers an effective trade-off among the energy consumption, reliability of communication, and latency, and it is a strong solution in the current WSN applications.