Review on Addressing Antimicrobial Resistance in Livestock Through a One Health Approach

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the most pressing global health threats of the 21st century, jeopardizing the effective treatment of infectious diseases across humans, animals, and the environment. In livestock production, antimicrobials are widely used for therapeutic, prophylactic, and growth-promoting purposes. Therefore, the objective of this review is to examine the application of One Health approaches in addressing AMR in livestock and to identify key challenges and opportunities for their effective implementation. The inappropriate and excessive use of antimicrobials in animals has accelerated the emergence and spread of resistant pathogens. These resistant bacteria can be transmitted to humans through direct contact, food consumption, and environmental contamination, posing significant risks to public health, food security, and economic stability. Addressing AMR from a single-sector perspective has proven inadequate. A One Health approach which recognizes the interdependence of human, animal, and environmental health offers a more sustainable and effective solution. Despite growing global and national advocacy for One Health strategies, implementation remains inconsistent, particularly in the livestock sector. In many low- and middle-income countries, antimicrobial use in animals is poorly regulated, data on usage and resistance patterns are limited, and cross-sectoral collaboration is weak. Although One Health frameworks exist, their operationalization in livestock systems is hindered by gaps in policy, coordination, and technical capacity. In conclusion, AMR in livestock is a complex issue that requires a collaborative, multisectoral response. Strengthening the One Health approach is essential to tackle AMR at its source. As a key recommendation, countries should establish a national One Health coordination platform that brings together stakeholders from human, animal, and environmental health sectors to implement harmonized surveillance, promote responsible antimicrobial use, and support education and capacity building. Strong political commitment and sustained investment are crucial for achieving long-term impact.