On multiplicities of interpoint distances

Abstract Given a set $$X\subseteq\mathbb{R}^2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⊆</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> of $$n$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:math> points and a distance $$d&gt;0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , the multiplicity of $$d$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> </mml:math> is the number of times the distance $$d$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> </mml:math> appears between points in $$X$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> </mml:math> . Let $$a_1(X) \geq a_2(X) \geq \cdots \geq a_m(X)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>≥</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>≥</mml:mo> <mml:mo>⋯</mml:mo> <mml:mo>≥</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> denote the multiplicities of the $$m$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> </mml:math> distances determined by $$X$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> </mml:math> and let $$a(X)=(a_1(X),\dots,a_m(X))$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mo>⋯</mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . In this paper, we study several questions from Erdős’s time regarding distance multiplicities. Among other results, we show that: (1) If $$X$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> </mml:math> is convex or “not too convex”, then there exists a distance other than the diameter that has multiplicity at most $$n$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:math> . (2) There exists a set $$X\subseteq\mathbb{R}^2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⊆</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi>

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Journal
Acta Mathematica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
Published
2025-10-01
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10474-025-01562-y
Primary Topic
Optimization and Variational Analysis
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article
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article

On multiplicities of interpoint distances

Felix Christian Clemen, Adrian Dumitrescu, Danqing Liu
Acta Mathematica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
Optimization and Variational Analysis
article

On multiplicities of interpoint distances

Felix Christian Clemen, Adrian Dumitrescu, Danqing Liu
article en

Abstract

Abstract Given a set $$X\subseteq\mathbb{R}^2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⊆</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> of $$n$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:math> points and a distance $$d&gt;0$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo>&gt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , the multiplicity of $$d$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> </mml:math> is the number of times the distance $$d$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> </mml:math> appears between points in $$X$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> </mml:math> . Let $$a_1(X) \geq a_2(X) \geq \cdots \geq a_m(X)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>≥</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>≥</mml:mo> <mml:mo>⋯</mml:mo> <mml:mo>≥</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> denote the multiplicities of the $$m$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> </mml:math> distances determined by $$X$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> </mml:math> and let $$a(X)=(a_1(X),\dots,a_m(X))$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mo>⋯</mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>a</mml:mi> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . In this paper, we study several questions from Erdős’s time regarding distance multiplicities. Among other results, we show that: (1) If $$X$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> </mml:math> is convex or “not too convex”, then there exists a distance other than the diameter that has multiplicity at most $$n$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>n</mml:mi> </mml:math> . (2) There exists a set $$X\subseteq\mathbb{R}^2$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mo>⊆</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi>

Acta Mathematica Academiae Scientiarum HungaricaeVol. 177(1)
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (DE), University of Victoria (CA), STEM Forward (US)
Openalex Percentile: Top 65%
Optimization and Variational Analysis
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