Environmental Influences on Genetic Aging Processes: Experimental Evidence from Model Systems

Aging is a complex biological process influenced not only by genetic predispositions but also significantly shaped by environmental factors. This review synthesizes experimental evidence from model systems elucidating how environmental exposures modulate genetic aging processes. Studies in organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans, mice, and human cellular models demonstrate that external conditions including diet, psychosocial stress, pollutants, and physical activity interact dynamically with genetic and epigenetic regulators to influence lifespan and healthspan. Advances in molecular biology and omics technologies reveal mechanisms such as DNA methylation alterations, histone modifications, telomere attrition, oxidative stress, and cellular senescence as critical mediators of gene-environment crosstalk in aging. Genetic manipulation tools like CRISPR and RNA interference enable precise interrogation of genes implicated in environmental responses, deepening understanding of aging pathways. While model organisms provide invaluable platforms to dissect these interactions, challenges remain in translating findings to human aging due to complexity and heterogeneity. Future directions highlight emerging single-cell multiomics, organ-on-chip systems, and artificial intelligence integration to unravel aging's multifactorial nature. The review underscores the necessity of multidisciplinary approaches combining genetics, environmental sciences, and computational biology to develop therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating environmental factors to promote healthy aging. These insights pave the way for personalized interventions targeting both genetic susceptibilities and modifiable environmental risks, ultimately advancing longevity and well-being.