A Systematic Review of Kidney Stones in West and North Africa: Comparing the Epidemiological Profile and Therapeutic Strategies in Burkina Faso and Morocco

<i>Purpose: </i>This systematic review aims to compare the epidemiological profile and therapeutic modalities of kidney stones between Morocco (MAR) and Burkina Faso (BF). <i>Methods:</i> We conducted a systematic review based on a structured search of literature published between 2004 and 2023 in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and African Journals Online (AJOL), as well as manual searches of relevant urology journals. The included studies focused on the epidemiology and management of kidney stones in both countries. Data were extracted and synthesized qualitatively. The quality of included studies was assessed using appropriate tools for observational studies. Data collected included prevalence, patient profiles, and the therapeutic techniques used. <i>Results: </i>Analysis of hospital prevalence data from included studies showed rates of was 25.36% in Morocco and 12.52% in Burkina Faso. In both countries, the renal location was predominant (>80%), mainly affecting young adults (median age 35–40 years). Male predominance was observed (sex ratio 1.9 in Burkina Faso and 1.27 in Morocco). Calcium oxalate was the main stone component. Morocco favored minimally invasive techniques, especially percutaneous nephrolithotomy and flexible ureteroscopy. In contrast, open surgery was used in over 90% of cases in Burkina Faso. <i>Conclusion:</i> Renal lithiasis is increasing similarly in both Morocco and Burkina Faso, in line with the westernization of lifestyles. However, significant disparities persist in access to modern therapeutic modalities. The technological gap in therapeutic management highlights the need to strengthen South-South cooperation to improve access to minimally invasive techniques in West Africa.