High-Efficiency PDLC Smart Films Enabled by Crosslinking Agent Optimization and MoS2 Nanosheets for Energy-Saving Windows

Polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC), as an electrically controlled dimming material, has broad application prospects in various fields, including smart glass, display technology, and optical devices. However, traditional PDLC materials still face some challenges in practical applications, such as a high driving voltage and insufficient optical contrast, which limit their further application in high-performance optoelectronic devices. In this study, PDLC composite films exhibiting low-voltage operation (23 V), high contrast ratios (135), and rapid response times (T_R ~1.28 ms, T_D ~48 ms) were developed. This was achieved by modifying the chain length of the crosslinking agent and polymer monomer as well as by incorporating molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) nanosheets. It shows a good regulation ability in the sunlight range (ΔT_sol = 63.92%, ΔT_lum = 73.97%). Simultaneously, the various chemical bonds inside the film and its special network structure enable it to exhibit a good radiative cooling effect. The indoor sunlight simulation tests showed that the indoor temperature decreased by 5 °C. This study provides valuable ideas for the development and preparation of smart windows with high efficiency and energy savings.