Assessing the Viability of Hydrogen-Based Wind Energy Conversion and Transmission Systems Versus the Existing Electrical-Based System—A Comprehensive Review

This study presents a comprehensive review of the viability of hydrogen as an energy carrier for offshore wind energy compared to existing electricity carrier systems. To enable a state-of-the-art system comparison, a review of wind-to-hydrogen energy conversion and transmission systems is conducted alongside wind-to-electricity systems. The review reveals that the wind-to-hydrogen energy conversion and transmission system becomes more cost-effective than the wind-to-electricity conversion and transmission system for offshore wind farms located far from the shore. Electrical transmission systems face increasing technical and economic challenges relative to the hydrogen transmission system when the systems move farther offshore. This study also explores the feasibility of using seawater for hydrogen production to conserve freshwater resources. It was found that while this approach conserves freshwater and can reduce transportation costs, it increases overall system costs due to challenges such as membrane fouling in desalination units. Findings indicated that for this approach to be sustainable, proper management of these challenges and responsible handling of saline waste are essential. For hydrogen energy transmission, this paper further explores the potential of repurposing existing oil and gas pipeline infrastructure instead of constructing new pipelines. Findings indicated that, with proper retrofitting, the existing natural gas pipelines could provide a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable solution for hydrogen transport in the near future.