Toxicological assessment of Chlorella vulgaris and its potential preventive effect in a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mouse model

Green microalgae, particularly <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i>, are a rich source of bioactive and nutritional compounds, making them promising candidates for nutraceutical applications. This study evaluated the antioxidant capacity, phenolic composition, and potential health effects of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> supplementation (1% and 8%) in male BALB/c mice over 4 weeks, as well as its preventive role in a murine model of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The extract showed a high antioxidant potential, supported by its phenolic and carotenoid profile. Supplementation, especially at 8%, enhanced antioxidant defences without signs of liver or kidney toxicity. In the COPD model, <i>C. vulgaris</i> reduced inflammation, improved oxidative stress balance, and partially restored normal lung structure. Additionally, changes in caecal metabolites suggested a positive impact on gut microbiota and metabolic homeostasis. Overall, <i>C. vulgaris</i> supplementation demonstrated detoxifying, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory benefits, supporting its potential use as a functional food, particularly under stress-related conditions such as COPD.