Lifelong learning dimensions and their associations with late-life cognitive decline: moderating roles of socioeconomic status and early life education

The findings suggest that the cognitive benefits of challenging learning activities are broadly universal, transcending socioeconomic and educational divides. This "equitable benefit" provides strong empirical evidence for policy shifts from encouraging generalized "participation" to promoting inclusive and deep "cognitive engagement," thereby fostering fairer and more effective cognitive health promotion strategies for older adults.