Future challenges in hydrogen storage infrastructure design: Mitigating accidental explosion hazards

Hydrogen is a promising renewable energy source due to its versatility and low environmental impact. However, its high flammability, fast flame speeds, high diffusivity, and explosion risks necessitate a comprehensive safety review, which is highly demanded in the literature. This article systematically examines hydrogen explosion incidents, highlighting the need for robust safety measures. Key cases such as the Norway ammonia plant incident and the Gangneung disaster emphasise the importance of understanding hydrogen combustion modes and ignition conditions. The explosion behaviour of hydrogen is discussed in detail. The review categorises hydrogen storage and discusses its advancements and safety challenges, with a primary focus on gaseous storage. Advanced storage technologies, material selection, and strategies to prevent explosions and hydrogen embrittlement are explored. Hazard prediction methods, such as numerical modelling techniques are discussed. Additionally, international safety standards for hydrogen storage are reviewed. The study identifies key challenges and emphasises the need for further research to enhance storage safety.