Real-Time Robotic System for Interactive Tic-Tac-Toe Using Computer Vision

This paper presents the design and implementation of an XY plotter system for playing Tic-Tac-Toe against a human opponent. The mechatronic system utilizes stepper motors controlled via a microcontroller and a CNC module, enabling precise bidirectional movement. A vision-based algorithm detects user moves and processes game logic through a Minimax strategy for optimal decision-making. The study highlights the integration of robotics and human–computer interaction, demonstrating potential applications in automation, education, and interactive entertainment. Experimental results validate the system’s accuracy and efficiency in real-time gameplay scenarios. Additionally, the work emphasizes the reliability and predictability of a mathematics-based approach—embodied by the deterministic Minimax algorithm—over AI-driven methods, which may involve uncertainties or probabilistic failure. This highlights the advantage of using well-defined algorithmic logic for tasks requiring consistent performance and outcome guarantees.