Pathophysiology and Etiology of Brainstem-Related Dysphagia
Finally, therapeutic strategies are reviewed, including conventional rehabilitative methods, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, non-invasive brain stimulation, and invasive procedures such as neurobotulinum toxin-A (BoNT-A) injections, balloon dilation, and CP myotomy.
Authors
- Angelo Tizio
- Jacopo Galli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1599-4573)
- Maria Raffaella Marchese (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0751-0882)
- Lucia D’Alatri (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3104-958X)
Institutions
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (IT)
- Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic (IT)
- University of the Sacred Heart (JP)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Audiology Research
- Published
- 2025-11-11
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3390/audiolres15060153
- Citations
- 1
- Primary Topic
- Dysphagia Assessment and Management
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 3.12