2D Metal–Organic Framework-Based Materials for Solar-Driven H ₂ O ₂ Synthesis

Two-dimensional metal–organic frameworks (2D MOFs) are emerging as a unique class of crystalline porous materials for photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production owing to their ultrathin, highly ordered architectures that enable exceptional exposure of active sites, efficient charge transport, and tunable redox environments. Unlike conventional reviews that broadly discuss MOF-based photocatalysts, this article uniquely focuses on 2D MOFs as a distinct and rapidly advancing subclass. We first summarize representative synthesis strategies for 2D MOF nanosheets and highlight key characterization techniques that reveal how synthetic methods influence morphology and structural features. The discussion then shifts to rational design strategies, including structural engineering, electronic modulation, ligand functionalization, and integration into hybrid systems, with particular focus on heterojunction architectures that promote charge separation and reaction selectivity. These approaches collectively enhance light harvesting, reaction efficiency, and overall catalytic performance. Despite these advances, challenges remain in scalable synthesis, long-term stability, and mechanism understanding. Future opportunities include employing 2D MOFs as templates for semiconductor hybridization, integrating computational modeling with operando characterization, and bridging laboratory studies with practical solar applications. This review establishes a clear research roadmap and underscores the unique significance of 2D MOFs as next-generation photocatalysts for sustainable H2O2 production.