Comparative Study of Strain Measurement Techniques for Assessing Creep in CFRP Tendons

The long-term viscoelastic behaviour of epoxy matrices in Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) tendons can lead to creep strains which must be accurately quantified to improve the current necessarily conservative design guidelines for bridge applications. However, the task of experimentally capturing such strains-typically in the range of 0.05%-requires sensors with reliable long-term accuracy and precision. This study investigates creep in CFRP tendons subjected to sustained tensile loading at 80% (for 7 days) and 88% (for 22 h) of their ultimate tensile strength. Four strain sensing techniques were employed to capture the creep strains of the CFRP tendons: bonded metal foil strain gauges, a contact extensometer, Digital Image Correlation, and distributed fibre optic strain sensing. This work precisely quantifies-for the first time in CFRP creep testing-the influence of experimental artefacts on the performance of the strain sensors, including test rig movement, temperature sensitivity, and localised surface inhomogeneities. Results reveal significant measurement distortions: the extensometer recorded strain increases of 250% during tendon slip, while distributed fibre optics detected localised strain peaks reaching 150% of the surface average. These findings demonstrate that sensor-induced noise can substantially contaminate creep strain data, underscoring the critical need for rigorous experimental protocols and thorough sensor validation in CFRP creep studies.