Long-term infrared stealth at Joule heating of AgNWs/bacterial cellulose/carbon fibers fabric by mimicking beetle elytra multi-layered composite structure via synergistic effect of emissivity and thermal regulation

Developing a textile capable of achieving infrared stealth under Joule heating conditions is critical for enhancing the operational effectiveness and survivability of combat troops in challenging climates. Here, a novel type of silver nanowires/bacterial cellulose/carbon fibers composite fabric (ABCF) inspired by the multi-layered structure of beetle elytra and the dual-mode thermal management system was designed for infrared stealth at Joule heating via a facile sewing method. The introduction of an inner layer consisting of carbon fibers serves as an effective heater producer, demonstrating excellent Joule heating performance (~ 210 °C at 3 V). The interlayer made from bacterial cellulose aerogel exhibits thermal insulation properties (0.028 W/m·K) and flexibility, functioning as a barrier that mitigates heat transfer through its layer-stacking structure under directional thermal conduction. Meanwhile, the upper layer comprised of silver nanowires provides low emissivity (~ 0.15) and cooperates with the aerogel to achieve infrared stealth. As a result, ABCF achieves both a significant reduction in thermal radiation temperature for targets and long-term infrared stealth stability (~ 55 °C maintained for 8400 s), with experimental feasibility validated through COMSOL simulations. Impressively, ABCF has been effectively utilized in the construction of tents, further highlighting its potential for multifunctional applications in the field of thermal management.