Exploring the Impacts of Antipatterns on Object‐Oriented, Service‐Oriented, and Mobile‐Oriented Systems

ABSTRACT Objective Antipatterns (APs) represent potential issues in software systems stemming from poor design choices, coding practices, and undisciplined development. This systematic literature review analyzes 97 primary studies (PSs) from 2005 to 2024, exploring the impact of APs on Object‐Oriented (OO), Service‐Oriented (SO), and Mobile‐Oriented (MO) systems across various quality attributes. Methods PSs are classified by techniques, datasets, evaluation measures, and tool support. Result Findings highlight the association of APs with increased maintenance costs (27.8%), fault‐proneness (26.8%), change‐proneness (12.3%), and evolution challenges (25.7%). Most studies employ descriptive statistics, regression analysis, and Pearson correlation, with limited datasets and tool support for SO and MO systems compared to OO systems. Intermediate source code representations and program comprehension strategies are commonly used for analysis. Conclusion These findings emphasize the need for further research on the impact of APs, particularly in MO systems, and their negative effects on software quality attributes.