Adaptive Power Distribution and Range Enhancement in Electric Vehicles Using Hybrid Energy Storage System

ABSTRACT The automotive industry's transition to green mobility has increased the focus on electric vehicles (EVs) due to their low emissions and reduced reliance on conventional carbon‐based fuels. To support wider EV adoption, enhancing the efficiency and performance of their energy storage systems—particularly, by increasing power and energy density—is essential. Although various advanced energy storage systems (ESSs) are available, batteries remain the most viable option for meeting the average power demands of EVs. However, challenges such as excessive heat generation, limited power density, and reduced operational lifespan hinder optimal performance when relying solely on batteries. A hybrid energy storage system (HESS) presents a promising solution by enabling more efficient power management. Key functions of HESSs include supporting vehicle acceleration, capturing energy during regenerative braking, and reducing stress on the battery. By integrating a battery with a supercapacitor (SC), HESSs can meet instantaneous power demands and facilitate energy recovery during deceleration. This study evaluates the performance of a standalone battery and an HESS by using MATLAB–Simulink simulations. The results show that the SC absorbs most peak current loads over short durations, while the battery supplies the average current. The HESS reduces average battery current demand and extends vehicle range by 38%. Additionally, hybridization allows for a reduction in battery power capacity, resulting in a 33 kg weight decrease. These findings demonstrate the potential of HESS to enhance EV performance, promote energy efficiency, and support the broader adoption of sustainable transportation.