Connecting cultural wisdom, physical literacy, and physical activity among older adults from diverse Indigenous communities: an exploratory review

Indigenous older adults across the globe face higher rates of chronic illness and lower life expectancy than non-Indigenous populations, yet little research has examined how physical literacy might support their health and well-being. Traditionally applied to children and youth, physical literacy-understood as one's relationship with movement and physical activity across the life course-shares with Indigenous worldviews an emphasis on holistic well-being rooted in culture, community, and the environment. This exploratory review examines global literature to identify how physical literacy concepts-such as motivation, confidence, physical competence, and knowledge-connect with ways of knowing, being, and doing among Indigenous older adults, as well as in physical activity programs for this population. Findings reveal strong connections between physical literacy and culturally grounded forms of movement, with successful programs often integrating physical activity with cultural practices such as sharing circles. These initiatives reflect holistic views of health and highlight opportunities for culturally rooted approaches to physical literacy. The findings suggest that meaningful engagement with Indigenous older adults calls for physical literacy frameworks co-developed through community partnerships that honor Indigenous ways of knowing, being, and doing. Implications for policy and practice include the need for participatory program design that prioritizes social connection, intergenerational learning, spiritual health, and community well-being.