Quantum-resistant image encryption using 2D Henon map with a three-qubit entanglement-based QKD protocol

Safeguarding image confidentiality is a crucial communication concern due to the valuable information that must remain inaccessible to unauthorized users. However, the imminent emergence of quantum computers has introduced pressing security concerns to current cryptography. This paper proposes a quantum-resistant cryptosystem integrating a three-qubit entanglement-based Quantum Key Distribution protocol with a chaotic Henon map to develop an image transmission system resilient to classical and quantum adversaries. This QKD employs bidirectional qubit transmission to entangle three qubits, resulting in a quantum-secured key that is double that of the E91 protocol and demonstrates exceptional eavesdropper detection capabilities via the CHSH inequality violation. A 2D Henon map is utilized to address the intrinsic vulnerabilities related to key size and security in one-dimensional logistic maps. The expanded key generates a more complex sequence employing the Henon map, ensuring the utmost security of the encryption by integrating the chaotic randomness with the cryptographic properties embedded in entanglement. The findings from various security assessments indicate that the proposed encryption is both reliable and effective. It exhibits robust resistance to differential analysis, showing NPCR at 99.6% and UACI near 50%. A colossal 10220 key space thwarts brute-force attempts, while near-zero correlation and uniform pixel-intensity distribution confirm strong statistical security, highlighting the advantages of quantum–classical cryptography protocols.