Advances in biomedical applications of Se-based nanozymes

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for the human body, serving as a component of several natural enzymes and playing a crucial role in a variety of biological functions. However, the extraction of natural selenoenzymes presents significant challenges, including high cost and instability. To address this challenge, researchers have initiated investigations into the potential of combining Se with nanotechnology. This approach involves the development of Se-based nanomaterials, including monomeric Se, Se dioxide, and molybdenum selenide, with the objective of replacing natural selenoenzymes. The objective of this review is to present a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in Se-based nanozymes and to elucidate their potential for biomedical applications. This review commences with an examination of the typical enzyme-mimicking activities (e.g., peroxidase-POD, glutathione peroxidase-GPx, superoxide dismutase-SOD, catalase-CAT) that have been achieved by Se-based nanomaterials. Secondly, we examined the regulatory mechanisms that govern the activities of Se-based nanozymes. Subsequently, a synthesis of their applications in various diseases facilitated a more comprehensive understanding of the function of Se-based nanozymes and their potential therapeutic effects. Finally, an outlook on the future development of Se-based nanozymes was presented, including their potential for clinical applications and technical challenges that need to be addressed. The synthesis of these research advances is intended to provide a clearer perspective and direction for the application of Se-based nanozymes in biomedicine.