Inducing macrophage M2-Type polarization via anodized anisotropic TiO2 nanoporous topography on titanium surfaces

Anodization followed by annealing successfully created a mechanically stable, hydrophilic titanium nanoporous surface. The in vitro study demonstrated that the specific nano-topographical structure enhanced macrophage adhesion and spreading, inducing a shift towards the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype characterized. The observed polarization is potentially associated with cytoskeletal reorganization and the activation of mechanotransduction pathways triggered by the nanostructure. This surface modification strategy offers significant potential for enhancing dental implant abutment soft tissue integration by favorably modulating the local immune response.