Taking It to the Limit: A Novel GRIN2D Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy Rodent Model With Severe Seizures

Synaptic Dysregulation in a Mouse Model of GRIN2D Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy Teoh J, Simko J, Camp CR, Liu CJ, Wang W, Williams D, Ma L, Soundararajan D, Martin C, Taylor NK, François E, Petri S, Kanber A, Ravichandra A, Pero ME, Bartolini F, Swayne TC, Lutz CM, Zuberi A, Rubinstein M, Hausman Kedem M, Yuan H, Gelinas JN, Sands TT, Harper SQ, Traynelis SF, Makinson CD, Frankel WN. Brain. 2025 Apr 9:awaf125. doi:10.1093/brain/awaf125. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 40200555. Gain-of-function (GoF) variants in the GRIN2D gene, encoding the GluN2D subunit of the N -methyl- d -aspartate receptor (NMDAR), cause a severe developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE), characterized by intractable seizures, hypotonia, and neurodevelopmental delay. We generated mice carrying the GoF V664I variant, orthologous to V667I, which is present in ∼25% of GRIN2D-DEE patients. Heterozygous mutant mice demonstrate behavioral, neuroanatomical, and electrophysiological abnormalities. Lethal convulsive seizures are observed beginning at postnatal day 17. As adults, heterozygotes display abundant and prolonged runs of spike-wave discharges (SWD) that often persist for minutes. The SWD epochs consist of different populations, differentiated by frequency and association with time-locked behavioral arrest. V664I mutant neurons have enlarged presynaptic terminals and increased synaptic distance. Functional analysis reveals increased inhibitory synaptic activity without changes in NMDAR decay kinetics or presynaptic plasticity in CA1 neurons and analysis of hippocampal local field potentials show a 1.5-fold increase in evoked responses and a 1.7-fold increase in action potential generation. Notably, expression of V664I in GABAergic interneurons, but not excitatory forebrain neurons, is sufficient to recapitulate the severe electroclinical phenotype. Altogether our studies show that altered NMDAR function in inhibitory neurons plays a prominent role in DEE associated with GRIN2D gain-of-function variants and suggests that targeted genetic treatment may represent a path forward to successful therapeutic intervention.