Access restrictions in urban logistics: a systematic review of policy effectiveness and sustainability

Abstract Urban areas in the European Union face critical challenges stemming from freight logistics, including air and noise burden on residents, congestion, traffic pressure, and greenhouse gas emissions. In alignment with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), cities have adopted access restriction measures and urban logistics policies such as Low Emission Zones (LEZs), congestion charges, and pedestrian zones. This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of these policies in reducing environmental externalities and enhancing urban freight efficiency. Evidence reveals that LEZs consistently reduce emissions (e.g., PM 10 , NO x ) by 20–34%, while policies like time window restrictions yield further logistical and environmental benefits under favorable conditions. Despite these gains, challenges persist, including disproportionate burdens on small-and medium-sized enterprises, and pollution displacement to suburban areas. Increasing EU-wide coordination, harmonized evaluation tools, and tailored strategies for distinct urban typologies are essential to address these gaps. This study underscores the importance of integrating logistics efficiency with environmental and social sustainability, contributing to realizing SDGs through inclusive urban logistics practices.