Stabilizers for Nitrocellulose-Based Propellants: Insights from Compatibility and Thermal Stability

Abstract Nitrocellulose (NC)-based propellants are reactive solid materials and inherent instability. These propellants undergo chemical and physical changes upon aging, which can reduce their stability and potentially leading to safety issues. Ensuring the stability of NC-based propellants is crucial for safe and efficient operation within propulsion system. To mitigate this issue, stabilizers are incorporated into propellant formulations to improve the stability performance by slowing down autocatalytic reactions so that the safe storage life of propellant can be extended. Recently, the progress in the application of stabilizers in NC-based propellants has garnered extensive attention due to the necessity to enhance stability performances and prolong shelf life of propellants. This review examines various stabilizers utilized in NC-based propellant formulations, elucidating their mechanisms of action, thermal behavior, and compatibility with NC. Through comparative analysis, the advantages and limitations of both conventional and emerging stabilizers are evaluated, with a particular focus on novel compounds demonstrating improved the thermal stability and compatibility with NC. Additionally, the methods used for evaluating the stability performances of NC-based propellants are discussed, focusing on the compatibility and thermal behavior of stabilized NC. The challenges and future directions are identified, paving the way for further advancements in propellant stability. Overall, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the effect of stabilizer in improving the stability of NC-based propellant, thereby contributing to the development of safer and highly efficient propellants.