Exploring factors associated with dual tobacco smoking among people living with HIV receiving care at HIV outpatient clinics in Hanoi, Vietnam

Dual smoking was prevalent among PLWH receiving HIV care in VQUIT study and was shaped by complex sociodemographic, behavioral, and social factors. These findings emphasize the need for integrated cessation interventions in Vietnam, where dual smoking is prevalent, particularly among PLWH. Socioeconomic status and barriers to quitting, including drug use, nicotine dependence, and tobacco-related misconceptions, should be considered. Future research should examine the long-term health impacts of dual smoking and evaluate cessation strategies for PLWH in similar settings.