Sustainability-aligned pathways for energy transition: A review of low-carbon energy network solutions

Transformation of the energy sector is necessary to meet climate targets and ensure universal access to reliable and affordable energy. Despite progress, more than 675 million people still lack electricity and 770 million face an unreliable power supply. Renewable energy now provides nearly 30 % of global electricity generation and represents approximately 17.9 % of total final energy consumption. This amount is insufficient for the 1.5 ∘ C pathway and requires a tripling of renewable capacity by 2030. Energy efficiency also lags with average annual gains of 1.6 % compared with the 4 % required for climate-aligned energy scenarios. Therefore, this paper reviews pathways toward decentralized low-carbon solutions that can accelerate global energy transformation. The review paper examines how technologies such as microgrids, virtual power plants, energy storage systems, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) solutions are reshaping modern energy systems. It highlights that digitalization, smart grids, and sector integration are key to building flexible and consumer-focused networks. However, achieving sustainable energy access requires more than new technologies. Strong governance, fair financing, and social inclusion are equally important to ensure a just and balanced energy transition. Case studies from Asia, Africa, and Latin America show how policy, innovative financing, and regional cooperation can drive progress despite challenges such as underinvestment, fossil fuel dependency, and energy poverty. The review demonstrates that an integrated approach, combining technological innovation, financial mechanisms, and inclusive policies, can collectively build low-carbon, resilient, and equitable energy systems. • Research gaps in sustainable energy supply on technology, policy, and equity are identified. • Sustainability-aligned pathways toward decentralized low-carbon solutions are reviewed. • Governance and planning are key for sustainable energy transitions. • A comprehensive framework of technical, economic, and social insights for sustainable transition is introduced.