Mycoplasma Pneumoniae-Induced Rash and Mucositis in an Adult Male from Saudi Arabia: A Case Report and Literature Review

Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) is a well-known respiratory pathogen that can lead to various extrapulmonary complications, including a rare form of MP-induced rash and mucositis. This case report discusses a 24-year-old male who presented with symptoms of oral mucosal swelling, sore throat, cough, and dysphagia following a recent tooth extraction. He received initial empirical therapy with amoxicillin-clavulanate, which failed to alleviate symptoms, necessitating further workup. This case initially raised concerns about other potential causes of oral ulcers (e.g., viral infections, Stevens–Johnson syndrome). However, the diagnosis was established by means of PCR testing for MP on a throat swab specimen, while blood cultures for Group A Streptococcus were negative. The patient subsequently received azithromycin with metronidazole and was advised to use nystatin mouthwash. Remarkably, he experienced complete resolution of mucositis symptoms within 2 weeks, with only mild residual pigmentation noted on follow-up. This case underscores the importance of recognising MP-induced mucositis, which can be easily misdiagnosed as Stevens–Johnson syndrome. It highlights the necessity for precise diagnostic methods and timely intervention to ensure optimal patient outcomes.