Measuring Circular Economy Indicator in Hydropower Refurbishment

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the development, implementation, and evolution of the circular economy indicator (CEI) in the context of hydroelectric turbine refurbishment over the past five decades. By systematically examining publications indexed in the Web of Science database between 1975 and 2025, the study traces the conceptual origins of the CEI, highlights methodological advances, and analyzes practical applications. The analysis focuses on key aspects such as material circularity, energy efficiency, including the share of renewable sources, and the extension of operational lifetime achieved through refurbishment. The paper also identifies persistent methodological gaps, in particular regarding the integration of social and governance dimensions, as well as the lack of standardization across projects, proposing strategies to increase the reliability and applicability of the indicator. The results provide guidance for integrating circular economy principles into hydroelectric refurbishment processes, outline good practices, and set priorities for future research oriented towards more holistic and multidimensional assessments of circularity.