Mechanisms and pathways of ROS and autophagy in thyroid cancer

Thyroid cancer stands as one of the prevalent malignancies, with generally optimistic prognoses for many patients. However, challenges such as drug resistance and radioiodine ¹³¹I tolerance have surfaced, posing hurdles to effective treatment strategies. In recent years, there has been a tendency to overlook the potential contributions of reactive oxygen species and autophagy in thyroid cancer, despite their pivotal roles in mitigating drug resistance and radio-resistance. This comprehensive review aims to investigate the multifaceted roles of reactive oxygen species and autophagy in common thyroid cancer and radioresistant thyroid cancer, elucidating their impact on therapeutic responses. Exploration of these pathways is crucial for deepening our understanding of thyroid cancer biology and subsequently developing more effective treatment strategies for patients facing resistance and radioiodine ¹³¹I tolerance.