Analysing a botanical code: structure and augural value of nature in the corinthian and related capitals coming from the area of ancient Rome

Abstract Several scholars and ancient sources highlight the communicative functions of images in the ancient Roman architecture, including plant-based motifs. Among them, Corinthian capitals, usually considered overall a stylistic character, are associated mostly with the Acanthus leaves. Indeed, further neglected plants still need a more precise identification. This paper aims to carry out a systematic analysis of their botanical composition and of the potential encoded symbolic messages. Through an analysis of 83 Roman capitals, overall Corinthian (52), Corinthianising (23), and Composite (8), dated between the II century BCE to the IV century CE from the territory of Rome, we recognised 40 different plant motifs (35 of them identified), resulting in 29 families, 30 genera and 27 species. Their bottom level is characterised by few variations of botanical species, where the recurrence of Acanthu s, representing the idea of Rebirth, is the primary key to the style. The presence of emerging spikelets of Triticum sp., previously unmentioned, seems to have a recurrent and highly relevant augural role of fertility. We cannot neglect some zoomorphic associations, such as the Acanthus leaves that, at distance, show the apotropaic effect of lions’ mouths. The middle level shows the main variability of species, often hosting the presence of Asplenium scolopendrium , having an augural value. The re-flowering flowers motif, with flowers that metamorphose into other plants, recurs in Corinthianising and Composite typologies, suggesting a never-ending life. The apical level, through the abacus plants and snakes, primarily conveys the ideas of strength, light, and salvation. Graphic abstract