Application of Urine Detection Technology Based on Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy in Noninvasive Disease Diagnosis

ABSTRACT Early rapid screening enables timely chronic disease detection and intervention, improving outcomes and reducing treatment costs. Urine, as a noninvasive screening sample, fully meets the requirements for rapid screening due to its ease of collection and rich information related to human health. Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) offers a powerful tool for early disease screening because of its fingerprint identification abilities, high sensitivity, accuracy, cost‐effectiveness, and rapid non‐destructive detection advantages. This article systematically reviews the advances in non‐invasive disease diagnosis based on urine SERS analysis, detailing the main types and methods for detecting disease markers in urine, emphasizing technological advancements in probe functionalized design methods, separation/enrichment strategies, as well as label‐free detection methods and data analysis techniques. Finally, the article discusses the primary challenges faced by SERS urine analysis and presents the development trends of SERS‐based urine detection technologies for clinical translation.