A Chain Mediation Model Unveiling the Effectiveness of Timebanking on Quality of Life in Later Life: A Quasi-experimental Study in Hong Kong

Abstract Timebanking, a system where individuals earn time credits through volunteering and exchange them for goods and services, has potential to enhance quality of life (QoL). However, existing studies primarily rely on single-case or qualitative designs, leaving the mechanisms linking timebanking to QoL in older adults underexplored. This study examines the chain-mediating roles of volunteering hours and two sequential pathways — empowerment and belonging — in explaining the impact of timebanking on QoL. A quasi-experimental study was conducted on a timebanking program targeting individuals aged 50 and above in Hong Kong between 2021 and 2022. A total of 116 participants in the timebank group and 114 in the comparison group engaged in volunteer activities at local community centers. The timebank group earned and exchanged time credits for rewards, while the comparison group did not. A Parallel Process Latent Growth Curve Model was used to analyze data. After controlling for covariates, the timebank group demonstrated a significantly faster increase in weekly volunteer hours over time compared to the comparison group (β = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.35, 1.61). Timebanking indirectly improved QoL over time, primarily through increased volunteering hours, which subsequently enhanced self-efficacy in volunteering (chain-mediating effect: β = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.11, 5.10). This study provides the first quasi-experimental evidence that timebanking is a promising intervention to improve QoL in older adults. By fostering increased volunteering and enhancing self-efficacy, timebanking offers an innovative and effective approach to promote active aging and well-being.