Neuroprotective Effects of <i>Rubus idaeus</i> in Amblyopia

Amblyopia is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired vision in childhood and remains challenging to manage effectively. The present study investigated the neuroprotective potential of Rubus idaeus L. (red raspberry) in a rodent model of amblyopia. Through network pharmacology analysis, the PI3K/AKT axis was identified as a major regulatory target of R. idaeus L. treatment. In vitro, 1 µg/mL of R. idaeus L. significantly enhanced neuronal survival under oxidative stress (82.4% vs. 54.6%, p < 0.01) and reduced apoptotic cell death by 23.5% (p < 0.001). These protective effects correlated with elevated expression of anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, PI3K) and decreased levels of pro-apoptotic markers (Bax, cleaved caspase-3). In vivo, R. idaeus L. treatment improved visual evoked potentials in a monocular deprivation model, indicated by shorter P₁₀₀ latency and increased amplitude. These effects were reversed by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002, supporting the involvement of the PI3K/AKT axis. Our findings suggest that R. idaeus L. holds potential as a novel therapeutic approach for amblyopia via modulation of neuroprotective pathways.