Development and optimization of Cuscuta reflexa-based hydrogel formulation for management of eczema: in vitro and in vivo approach

Abstract Background Eczema remains a challenging dermatological condition affecting millions worldwide and current treatments often present limitations and side effects. Dodder or Cuscuta reflexa has documented anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties that may benefit skin conditions. The goal for this study was to develop and optimize a novel topical hydrogel with anti-eczema activity using C. reflexa extract for eczema management. Evaluation parameters included physicochemical characterization like viscosity, pH, spreadability, in vitro drug release, ex vivo permeation, skin irritation, and in vivo efficacy using DNCB-induced eczema model. Results The hydrogel was formulated using varying concentrations of Carbopol 934 as the gelling agent. Response surface methodology optimized the formulation, yielding ideal physicochemical properties: viscosity (14,872 cP), pH (6.32), and spreadability 76%. In vitro studies demonstrated sustained release with 64.00% cumulative release over 14 h. Ex vivo permeation study optimized formulation showed 9% permeation and 48% retention in 4 h. Skin irritation study indicated that the optimized hydrogel formulation is safe for topical application without causing skin irritation. In vivo evaluation in an eczema model induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in ICR mice showed significant improvement in clinical symptoms and histopathological parameters. Conclusion The developed C. reflexa hydrogel formulation represents a promising natural alternative for eczema management, demonstrating optimized formulation, exhibits favorable physicochemical properties, sustained release characteristics, and therapeutic efficacy in eczema models. Graphical Abstract