Overview of GNSS Interference Risks in Transport Safety and Resilient Responses

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) play a critical role in ensuring the safety of modern transportation across all domains, including aviation, road, rail, and maritime navigation. However, recent years have seen a significant increase in radio frequency interference, including signal masking (jamming) and data deception (spoofing) attacks against GNSSs. These threats can severely compromise human safety, disrupt logistics chains, and undermine essential public services. This study offers a structured holistic overview of the most common forms and impacts of GNSS interference. It also presents practical, resilient solutions to reduce vulnerabilities. Both technological (e.g., redundancy, filtering, alternative navigation) and organizational (e.g., regulation, training, risk assessment) strategies are discussed. The findings highlight that building GNSS resilience is not optional—it is necessary to protect transportation systems that rely on satellite navigation. The summary may be of particular interest to legislators, transport authorities, logistics operators, and policymakers.