Terrorism by Another Name? From Boko Haram to Bandits

This study examines the changing aspects of violence in Nigeria through a comparative analysis of Boko Haram terrorism and armed banditry, questioning the conceptual and policy distinctions between the two. The increasing convergence in tactics, impact, and organizational structures between these groups has called for a critical reassessment of the definitions and state responses to organized violence. The main objective of the research is to explore whether armed banditry in Nigeria qualifies as terrorism under international legal frameworks and to assess the implications of mislabeling for national security policy. Using a qualitative research design, the study relies on reviews of secondary sources, including academic literature, government reports, and media analyses. Thematic content analysis was used to identify patterns in discourse, policy framing, and operational behavior. The findings reveal significant overlaps between Boko Haram and bandit groups in terms of violence intensity, territorial control, and disruption of governance, despite divergent ideological foundations. The study concludes that the existing binary classification between terrorism and banditry is inadequate and counterproductive for effective security policy. It recommends an integrated security framework and a more consistent legal and policy approach. These insights contribute to both academic scholarship and practical policymaking in conflict-prone societies.